Optics for solar concentrators

ABSTRACT

Optics are provided for use in solar concentrators, the optics having a light guide, a redirecting layer including a plurality of lenses, and a plurality of reflector elements. Sunlight is received by the redirecting lenses, which focus the sunlight onto reflective surfaces of the reflector elements. The reflective surface of each reflector element redirects the light into the light guide, which guides the light toward a solar energy collector, such as a photovoltaic cell. The light from the light guide may be directed onto the solar energy collector by a light conditioning element.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to optics.

BACKGROUND

Optics can be used in solar concentrators (such as those in concentrated photovoltaic systems) to concentrate sunlight onto solar energy collectors, such as photovoltaic cells.

Solar concentrators employ optics to concentrate sunlight received over a relatively larger area onto a relatively smaller area where a photovoltaic cell (or some other means of harvesting solar energy) can be placed. In concentrated photovoltaic systems, the combination of the concentrating optical elements and the smaller photovoltaic cell would, in theory, be less expensive than would be an equivalent larger photovoltaic cell required to capture the same amount of sunlight. The first generations of solar concentrators were, however, quite complex and bulky, and suffered from many other drawbacks known in the art. Thus solar concentrators such as concentrated photovoltaic solar energy concentrators have not seen widespread general commercial acceptance.

Therefore, as is a slim-profile optic that concentrates light in a highly efficient manner for use in a solar concentrator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, as well as other aspects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following description which is to be used in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a solar concentrator device having an alternative light conditioning element;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device similar to that of FIG. 1, but having a different redirecting layer;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device similar to that of FIG. 3 except with spaced-apart lenses;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having a protective coating;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having an optical coupling layer between the light guide and the redirecting layer;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having optical coupling layers between the light guide and the redirecting layer, and the light guide and the reflector elements;

FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having a low refractive index film on step portions of the second surface of the light guide;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having protrusions extending from the second surface of the light guide into the reflector elements;

FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a solar concentrator device having protrusions extending from the second surface of the light guide into the reflector elements;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device that is sloped;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a solar concentrator device that is sloped;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device that has a substantially flat light guide;

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device that has reflector elements integrally formed with the light guide;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having the general shape of a circular disk;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a cropped solar concentrator device;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having the general shape of a planar cuboid with symmetry about a central plane;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device having the general shape of a planar cuboid with a solar energy collector along an edge of the light guide;

FIG. 19A is a plan view of an embodiment of a solar concentrator device that have an array of lens-reflector element pairs;

FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view of the solar concentrator device of FIG. 19A taken along line 19B-19B;

FIG. 19C is a partial cross-sectional view of the solar concentrator device having reflector elements that have reflective surface with a convex portion;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a cross section of a solar concentrator 100 including a light guide 104, a plurality of reflector elements 106 and a redirecting layer 108. The light guide 104 is made of a light transmissive material such as glass, polycarbonate or injection molded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Other non-limiting examples of light transmissive materials that may be used include injection molded polymethyl methacrylimide (PMMI), Cyclo Olefin Polymers (COP), Cyclo Olefin Copolymers (COC), silicones and other light transmissive polymeric materials. The light guide 104 is wedge-shaped in cross section and includes a first surface 112 and a second surface 114. The second surface 114 includes a plurality of step portions 120 adjacent to a plurality of inter-step portions 122.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the redirecting layer 108 has an input surface 118, a plurality of plano-convex lenses 116 that are adjacent to one another, and a planar surface 148 for coupling light to the light guide 104. Alternatively, other types of positive lenses, whether simple or complex, may be used. The redirecting layer 108 can be overmolded onto the first surface 112 of the light guide 104 or alternatively bonded thereto with an optical adhesive or by laser welding.

The plurality of reflector elements 106 can include flat, parabolic, analytical or free-form (e.g. non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS)) reflective surfaces 103, or a combination thereof to redirect light 132 received from the lenses 116 to the light guide 104 via the inter-step portions 122. For example, each reflector element 106 may comprise, in cross-section, a first portion 105 and a second portion 107. In cross-section the first portion 105 may be flat or slightly curved (convex or concave) and the second portion 107 may be an elongated curve. The first portion 105 and the second portion 107 are designed to cooperate in such a manner that light received from the corresponding lens 116 is reflected by the first portion 105 to the second portion 107, and light reflected by the second portion 107 is transmitted via the inter-step portion 122 to the light guide 104. Some light 131 reflected by the first portion 105 may be transmitted directly to the light guide 104 through the inter-step portion 122.

The plurality of reflector elements 106 can be overmolded onto the second surface 114 or alternatively bonded thereto, for example with an optical adhesive or by laser welding. The redirecting layer 108 and the plurality of reflector elements 106 are made of light transmissive materials, such as a silicone of lower refractive index than the material of the light guide 104. The solar concentrator device 100 can be flexible where flexible materials are used, e.g., where the light guide 104 is made of, a high refractive index, deformable silicone.

The light guide 104 may be coupled, at least in part, by means of a light conditioning element 110 to a solar energy collector. Some of the light 130 from the light guide 104 may enter the solar energy collector directly. The light conditioning element 110 may have the shape of a dome and have a reflective coating 128. The light conditioning element 110 can be made of metal or any other suitable material manufactured in the shape of a dome, attachable to the light guide 104, and coated on the concave side of the dome with a reflective material. In one embodiment, the light conditioning element 110 can be an optically transmissive element integrally formed (such as by injection molding as a single piece) with the light guide 104 and coated on the convex side of the dome with a reflective material. The reflective coating 128 can be made of a dielectric, or metals such as aluminum or silver. The solar energy collector 102 can be the terminus of an optical fibre 102 which transmits light to a remote, solar energy collector 102. In other embodiments the solar energy collector 102 can be a photovoltaic cell or other type of suitable light-collector.

Light 131 from the light guide 104 passes through a light coupling surface 124 and is coupled to the solar energy collector 102 either directly (e.g., where the light to the solar energy collector need not be reflected by the light conditioning element 110), or after having been reflected by the light conditioning element 110. Where the light conditioning element 110 and the light guide 104 are integrally formed, the light conditioning element 110 can have a cavity into which the solar energy collector can be inserted. Where the light conditioning element 110 and the light guide 104 are two separate pieces, the solar energy collector can be held in place by means of a clamp or a tray (not shown).

In the light guide 104, at least some of the light 131 is totally internally reflected by the first surface 112 and the step portions 120 of the second surface 114, and travels towards the central edge 124 of the light guide 104. This light 131 originates at an inter-step portion 122 of the second surface 114 and travels from a reflector element 106. Light 131 that exits the reflector element 106 from the inter-step portion 122 is reflected by the surfaces of the reflector element 106 via total internal reflection (TIR) or, where the reflective surface 107 of the reflector element 106 is coated with a reflective material, by specular reflection. The refracted light 132 is redirected towards the reflector element 106 from a corresponding lens 116 in the redirecting layer 108. The lens 116 may receive collimated light 133, such as from the sun. In embodiments of the solar concentrator device where the input light 133 is not collimated, a redirecting layer 108 may not be required.

In one embodiment, the solar concentrator device 100 can be generally in the shape of a circular disk (i.e., is discoid), being revolved around a central axis 136 such that in plan view, the optically active elements (reflector elements 106, step portions 120, inter-step portions 122, and lenses 116) follow concentric circles of increasing diameter from the central axis 136 to the peripheral edge 126 (an example of which is shown in FIG. 15). In another embodiment, the solar concentrator device 100 can be generally in the shape of a planar cuboid, being linearly symmetrical about a central plane 137, such that when viewed from above, the optically active elements (reflector elements 106, step portions 120, inter-step portions 122, and lenses 116) follow straight, parallel lines (examples of which are shown in FIGS. 5 & 6). In yet another embodiment, the solar concentrator device 100 can be a more complex, free-form shape. Examples of more complex solar concentrator device shapes are described in further detail below.

In a similar embodiment of a solar concentrator device 200, shown in FIG. 2, the first surface 112 of the light guide 104 can be sloped with respect to the input surface 118 such that the redirecting layer 108 is wedge-shaped in cross section and the thickness of the solar concentrator device 200 is substantially constant. The substantially uniform thickness of the solar concentrator device 200 facilitates alignment of the focal point of each lens 116 with the same portion of each of the corresponding reflector elements 106. A light conditioning element 210 reflects at least some of the light 130 from the light guide 104 through a light coupling area 224 towards the solar energy collector.

In the illustrated embodiment, the light conditioning element 210 has a plurality of curved reflecting surfaces 218, 219 that reflect light 130 from the light guide 104. In other embodiments the light conditioning element 210 can have more or fewer reflecting surfaces 218, 219 and the reflecting surfaces 218, 219 can have any shape that couples light 130 from the light guide 104 to the solar energy collector. As shown in FIG. 2, the light conditioning element 210 can be integrally formed (e.g., by injection molding as a single piece) with and of the same material as the light guide 104. Alternatively, the light conditioning element 210 may be formed as a separate piece.

Where the light conditioning element 210 is formed of a light transmissive material having a high index of refraction, the reflective surfaces 218, 219 can be made to reflect light 130 by TIR. Where the reflective surfaces 218, 219 are made to reflect light 130 by TIR and the light conditioning element 210 is formed as a separate piece from the light guide 104, the light conditioning element 210 is coupled to the light guide 104 by means of an optical adhesive or any other suitable bonding material or method. The optically transmissive material of which the light conditioning element 210 is made can have thermally insulating properties. An example of such a thermally insulating, optically transmissive material is glass.

Alternatively, the reflective surfaces 218, 219 can comprise mirrors. For example, a reflective coating comprising a dielectric, or metals such as aluminum or silver can be applied to reflective surfaces 218, 219 of the optically transmissive material. The light conditioning element 210 can also be made of metal or any other suitable material, attachable to the light guide 104, and may be coated with a reflective material.

Turning to FIG. 3, there is shown a cross-section of a solar concentrator device 300, differing from the embodiment of FIG. 1 only in that the overall thickness of the redirecting layer 308 is equal to the center thickness of the lenses and the solar energy collector 102 is a photovoltaic cell 302. In this embodiment the overall thickness of the solar concentrator device 300 decreases as one moves outward from the central axis 136 or central plane 137 to the peripheral edge 126. Each of the reflector elements 106 can be the same size and shape (as shown in FIG. 3), however in an alternative embodiment, the reflector elements 106 can vary in shape moving from the central axis 136 or central plane 137 to the peripheral edge 126. The reflector elements 106 reflect the light 131 from a corresponding lens 316.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a solar concentrator device 1900 differing from the solar concentrator device 300 illustrated in FIG. 3 only in that the lenses 1916 are spaced-apart from one another, such that the redirecting layer 1908 is discontinuous. As the lenses 1916 may be smaller in this embodiment, a conservation of materials may be realized.

As shown in FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the exposed surface of the lenses 816 may be covered by a protective coating 840. Such a protective coating 840 may be especially beneficial where the lenses are made of an elastomeric or deformable material such as a soft silicone. As an example, the protective coating 840 can be a hydrophobic coating or mica applied to the exposed surface of the lenses 816. The lenses 816 may alternatively include water/dirt-resistant nanostructures 842, such as lotus leaf nanostructures, on their exposed surfaces. These water/dirt-resistant nanostructures 842 can be molded or applied directly onto the surface of the lenses 816 during manufacturing. The surface of the lenses 816 may also have anti-reflective textures thereon, such as moth eye or cone textures. The anti-reflective textures may be applied to the surface of the lenses 816 or may be integrally formed thereon. It is also possible to affix a planar sheet of glass to the edges 826 of the solar concentrator device 800, such that the glass sheet is suspended over the lenses 816 to protect the solar concentrator device 800.

As shown in FIG. 6, a solar concentrator device 900 may include an optical coupling layer 946 between the redirecting layer 908 and the light guide 904. The optical coupling layer 946 can be made of a deformable, optically transmissive material such as a silicone have a durometer less than 40 Shore A, which is deformable under an applied pressure, and can be overmolded or otherwise bonded (such as with an optically transmissive adhesive) to either the planar first surface 112 of the light guide 904 and/or to the planar surface 148 of the redirecting layer 908. The deformable, optically transmissive material may also be elastomeric. Alternatively, the optical coupling layer 946 may be made of a heat-deformable, optically transmissive material such as PMMA (e.g., Evonik™ PLEXIGLAS™ or ACRYLITE™ 8N) films having a pencil hardness in the range of 6B to 3H, hybrid PMMA-silica films having a pencil hardness in the range of 6B to 9H, or optical adhesives such as methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based optical adhesives. The optical coupling layer 946 may be formed separately from the redirecting layer 908 and the light guide 904.

The solar concentrator device 900 may be assembled by clamping the redirecting layer 908 and the light guide 904 together with the optical coupling layer 946 disposed therebetween such that the optical coupling layer 946 is deformed by the pressure applied thereto. Alternatively, where the optical coupling layer 946 is made of a PMMA or hybrid PMMA-silica film, the solar concentrator device 900 optic may be thermoformed or molded at high temperatures, which may cause the layers (redirecting layer 908, light coupling element 946 and light guide 904) to become fused together to create a monolithic optic. An optical bond between the redirecting layer 908, the optical coupling layer 946 and the light guide 908 can thus be created to facilitate the transmission of light 132 to the light guide 904 through the optical coupling layer 946 from the redirecting layer 908.

In this embodiment, the light guide 904, the redirecting layer 908 and the reflector elements 106 can be made of the same or different light transmissive materials, such as glass or an injection molded polymer. The light coupling element 946 may be made of a deformable, low refractive index material such as a silicone sandwiched between a light guide 904 made of a high refractive index material such as glass or an injection molded polymer and a redirecting layer 908 made of a high refractive index material such as glass or an injection molded polymer to form the optic of the solar concentrator device 900.

As shown in FIG. 7, the solar concentrator device 2300 may additionally or alternatively include an optical coupling layer 2378 between the light guide 2304 and the reflector elements 2306. The optical coupling layer 2378 can be made of the same materials as optical coupling layer 946 and can similarly be overmolded or otherwise bonded to the light guide 2304 and/or the reflector elements 2306.

As shown in FIG. 8 the solar concentrator device 2400 may include a low refractive index film 2480 between each reflector element 106 and the light guide 104 to facilitate TIR at the interface between the low refractive index film 2480 and the reflector element 106. Light 133 from the redirecting layer 308 passes through the low refractive index film 2480 at an angle of incidence that is less than the critical angle so it passes through to the reflective element 106. The light is reflected by the first portion 105 of the reflective surface 103 can undergo TIR at the interface between the low refractive index film 2480 and the reflector element 106 and does not escape from the reflector element 106 until it is reflected by a second portion 107 of the reflective surface 103 of the reflector element and can pass through the corresponding inter-step portion 122 and into the light guide 104.

FIG. 9 shows a cross-section of an solar concentrator device 700 that differs from the half cross-section of the solar concentrator device 200 of FIG. 2 only in that the second surface 714 is not stepped, but rather is substantially flat with protrusions 722 extending therefrom, and the light conditioning element 710 is positioned along a light output edge 670 or a light output corner 1164 (described in further detail below). The light conditioning element 710 has a light conditioning surface 774 that reflects light exiting the light guide 704. An optical aperture through which light enters the light guide 704 is formed between each of the protrusions 722 and its corresponding reflector element 706 (similar to that formed between the inter-step portions 122 and the reflector elements 106). Each protrusion 722 is encapsulated (as shown in FIG. 9) by or otherwise optically coupled to a reflector element 706.

FIG. 10 shows a partial cross-section of a solar concentrator device 1000 that includes a redirecting layer 1008 that has a plurality of concavo-convex lenses 1016, a stepped light guide 1004, and a reflector layer 1054 that has a plurality of reflector elements 1006. The planar surface 1048 of the redirecting layer 1008 has a plurality of concavities 1050 being the concave portions of each concavo-convex lens 1016. Separating the concavities 1050 of the redirecting layer 1008, may be a plurality of planar segments 1052. The redirecting layer 1008 can be overmolded onto the first surface 112 of the light guide 1004 or alternatively bonded thereto with an adhesive or by laser welding, such that the planar segments 1052 are bonded to the planar first surface 112 of the light guide 1004. The gaps 1056 remaining between the first surface 112 of the light guide 1004 and the concavities 1050 of the redirecting layer 1008 can be filled with air or any suitable light transmissive material that has a lower refractive index than the redirecting layer 1008.

The step portions 1020 of the second surface 114 of the light guide 1004 need not be parallel to the first surface 112 of the light guide 1004 as shown in the figures described above, but rather can be sloped as shown in FIG. 10. The light guide 1004 can also have protrusions 1060 similar to those of FIG. 9 extending from the second surface 114.

In this embodiment, the plurality of reflector elements 1006 are provided in a reflector layer 1054 which may be overmolded onto the second surface 114 of the light guide 1004 or alternatively bonded thereto with an optical adhesive or by laser welding. The reflector layer 1054 thereby includes a plurality of reflector elements 1006 and a plurality of secondary reflector sections 1058 joining the reflector elements 1006. The redirecting layer 1008 and the reflector layer 1054 can be made of a silicone of lower refractive index than the material of the light guide 1004. As with other similar embodiments, the solar concentrator device 1000 can be flexible where flexible materials are used, e.g., a high refractive index silicone is used for the light guide 1004.

In this embodiment, light received by a solar energy collector is coupled into the light guide 1004 where it is totally internally reflected towards the central edge by the first surface 112 of the light guide 1004, by the step portions 1020 of the light guide 1004, and/or by the secondary reflector sections 1058 of the reflector layer 1054. Total internal reflection can occur on the first surface 112 of the light guide 1004 both where it interfaces with a gap 1056, and where it interfaces with a planar segment 1052 of the redirecting layer 1008. Each inter-step portion 1022, formed at least in part on a surface of a protrusion 1060, allow a wider range of angles of light to exit through the aperture that is formed between the inter-step portions 1022 and the reflector elements 1006 than would be possible without the protrusion 1060. Light exiting the reflector element 1006 is reflected by the surfaces of the reflector elements 1006 such that beams of substantially collimated light are transmitted from the concave portions (cavities) 1050 of the redirecting layer 1008. Light converges to the cavities 1050 by the convex portion 1062 of the lenses 1016 from the collimated input light 133

FIG. 11 shows a cross-section of a solar concentrator device 2000 that has a sloped orientation with respect to the direction of the input light 133. If the solar concentrator device 2000 is oriented to emit input light 133 in a downward direction as shown in FIG. 11, then the solar concentrator device 2000 can be said to have a downward slope to the solar energy collector 102 from the peripheral edge 2026.

The redirecting layer 2008 generally increases in thickness from the edge closest to the solar energy collector 102 to the peripheral edge 2026 and can have a sloped planar surface 2048. In order to maintain the orientation of the lenses 2016, the lenses 2016 can be stepped as shown in FIG. 11.

The first surface 2012 of the light guide 2004 may also be sloped to complement the planar surface 2048 of the redirecting layer 2008. The step portions 2020 of the second surface 2014 of the light guide 2004 may be parallel to the planar surface 2048 and may therefore also be sloped.

In some embodiments, due to the sloped configuration of the solar concentrator device 2000, light emitted by the reflector elements 2006 via the inter-step portions 2022 may only reflect from the first portion 2005 of the reflective surface 2003, in which case only the first portion 2005 needs to be reflective. The sloped configuration of the solar concentrator device 2000 may also facilitate the optimization of the design of the light conditioning element 2010 for efficient transmission of light to the solar energy collector 102 from the light guide 2004.

FIG. 12 shows a cross-section of an solar concentrator device 2100 that differs from the solar concentrator device 2000 of FIG. 11 only in that the lenses 2116, their corresponding reflector elements 2106 and the distance between a lens 2116 and its corresponding reflector element 2106 are scaled in inverse proportion with their distance from the solar energy collector 102 and has an optical coupling layer 2146 similar to that of the solar concentrator device 900 of FIG. 6. The plane of the input surface 2118 can therefore be made perpendicular to the direction of the input light. Such scaling of the optical elements may help when the input light 133 is more uniform in intensity and collimated across the input surface 2118.

FIG. 13 is a cross-section of a solar concentrator device 2200 that is similar to the solar concentrator device 100 of FIG. 1, except that the light guide 2204 of the solar concentrator device 2200 comprises a substantially flat sheet of light transmissive material. The light transmissive material of the redirecting layer 2208 can have an index of refraction that is higher than the surrounding environment of the solar concentrator device 2200 (typically a gas such as air) but lower than the light transmissive material of the reflector elements 2206 and the light guide 2204. Light 131 can therefore be guided within the light guide 2204 by total internal reflections on the first surface 2212 of the light guide 2204 and portions of the second surface 2214 exposed to the surrounding environment. However, light 131 travelling within the light guide 2204 that originating from a portion of the second surface 2214 to which an reflector element 2206 is optically bonded can be transmitted from the reflector element 2206 and reflected by the reflecting surface 2207 from the corresponding lens 2216 (without undergoing TIR at the interface between the planar surface 2248 of the redirecting layer 2208 and the first surface 2212 of the light guide 2204).

FIG. 14 shows a cross-section of an solar concentrator device 2700 that differs from the solar concentrator device 2200 of FIG. 13 only in that the reflector elements 2706 are integrally formed with the light guide 2704 and there is an optical coupling layer 2788 similar to the optical coupling layer 946 of FIG. 6. The optical coupling layer 2788 is made of a light transmissive material that has an index of refraction that is lower than the index of refraction of the light guide 2704 such that light 131 can be guided within the light guide 2704 by total internal reflection even if the index of refraction of the redirecting layer 2708 is not lower than that of the light guide 2704. Manufacture of this solar concentrator device 2700 may be simpler than other solar concentrator devices because it comprises only two separate parts—the redirecting layer 2708 and the light guide 2704 with integrally formed reflector elements 2706. The two parts can be assembled into a solar concentrator device 2700 using an optical adhesive as the optical coupling layer 2788.

While a full cross-sections of solar concentrator devices having symmetry about a central axis 136 or plane 137 are not shown for all embodiments of the solar concentrator devices 800, 900, 2300, 700, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2700 described above, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that the cross-sections shown can be reflected through a central axis 136 or plane 137 and a suitable light conditioning element 110, 210 employed to produce symmetric solar concentrator devices.

As described above, FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a solar concentrator device 400 having the general shape of a circular disk and having circular symmetry about a central axis 136. This embodiment can have a cross-sectional profile similar to any of the embodiments described above. In this embodiment, the redirecting layer 408 is discoid and comprises a plurality of lenses 416 concentrically disposed. The lenses 416 may be cylindrical lenses forming concentric rings about the central axis 136 of the solar concentrator device 400. The light guide 404 is also disk-shaped and has substantially the same diameter as the redirecting layer 408. The light guide 404 has a centrally located light coupling surface 424, which may, for example, have the shape of a truncated cone, or a cylinder. The plurality of reflector elements (not shown) is concentrically disposed. The disk-shaped solar concentrator device 400 can be cropped to make the solar concentrator device 400 a tileable shape, such as square or hexagonal, while conserving its revolved geometry. Where the solar concentrator device 400 has a revolved geometry, the light conditioning element 410 also has a revolved geometry, whether it is a light conditioning element that guides light by TIR or specular reflections.

The solar energy collector 102 is a point destination. As shown in FIG. 15, the solar energy collector 102 can be the terminus of an optical fibre 402 which transmits light to a remote, solar energy collector.

In an alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the solar concentrator device 400 may be cropped to make an solar concentrator device 1100 rectangular in shape with the axis of rotational symmetry 1162 at one corner 1164 of the solar concentrator device 1100, as shown in FIG. 16. The redirecting layer 1108 is generally in the shape of a planar cuboid and comprises a plurality of lenses 1116 coaxially disposed. The lenses 1116 can be cylindrical lenses forming concentric circular arcs centred on the axis of symmetry 1162. The light guide 1104 also has the shape of a planar cuboid and has substantially the same width and length as the redirecting layer 1108. The light guide 1104 has a light coupling surface 1124 located in the vicinity of the axis of symmetry 1162. The light coupling surface 1124 can have the shape of a truncated cone, or a cylinder. The solar energy collector 1102 is disposed along the central axis 1162, and is optically and mechanically bonded to the light coupling surface 1124, for example by means of an optical adhesive. The plurality of reflector elements 1106 is likewise coaxially disposed. In this embodiment, light propagates in the light guide towards the outer edges 1166.

With reference to FIG. 17, there is shown a perspective view of a solar concentrator device 500 having the general shape of a planar cuboid with height Z, relatively small as compared to its width X and length Y. In this embodiment, the optically active elements (reflector elements 506, step portions 520, inter-step portions 522, and lenses 516) lie along straight and parallel lines, parallel to the central plane 137. The solar concentrator device 500 can have a longitudinal section along width X similar to any of the figures described above showing cross-sections of solar concentrator devices. The solar concentrator device 500 has two redirecting layers 508, and two light guides 504, each disposed on either side of the central plane 137. The solar concentrator device 500 can be symmetric about the central plane 137 as shown in FIG. 17, but need not be symmetric. Each light guide 504 has a light coupling surface 524 in the vicinity of the central plane 137 to transmit light to the solar energy collector 502. In the illustrated embodiment, the light coupling surfaces 524 complement the shape of the profile of the solar energy collector 502, such that the solar energy collector 502 can be held in place by the light coupling surfaces 524. The solar energy collector 502, which can be photovoltaic cells, or a longitudinal light conditioning element optically coupled to a point collector such as the terminus of an optical fibre, or any other type of longitudinal solar energy collector, is disposed lengthwise along the central plane 137. In one embodiment, the solar concentrator device 500 can be manufactured as a single piece with a cavity located longitudinally along the central plane 137 for insertion of the solar energy collector 502. In another embodiment, each side of the solar concentrator device 500 (comprising a redirecting layer 508, a light guide 504 and a plurality of collecting elements 506) can be manufactured separately and then bonded together by means of an optical adhesive or any other suitable material or method, including clamping.

Cuboid shaped solar concentrator devices 500 may be cropped to make the solar concentrator device any desirable overall shape, such as hexagonal or circular discs, keeping the optically active elements straight and parallel. In some embodiments, the solar concentrator device 500 may include a secondary optical element to aid in coupling light to the solar energy collector 502 from the light guides 504.

With reference to FIG. 18, a solar concentrator device 600 may include one redirecting layer 508, one light guide 504, and one set of reflector elements 506, such that the solar energy collector 602, runs along light coupling surface 624 of the solar concentrator device 600, as shown in FIG. 18. In this embodiment the exposed surface of the solar energy collector 602 can be coated with a reflective material 672 such that some, preferably most or most preferably, all, light is reflected from the light guide 504. Alternatively, a tubular cavity or other means for retaining the solar energy collector 602 along the light coupling surface 624 can be provided with a reflective peripheral surface for reflecting light from the light guide 504. In another embodiment, a light conditioning element optically coupled to a point destination may extend longitudinally across the light output edge 670 such that the light from the light guide 504 is coupled to the solar energy collector through the light coupling surface 624. In some embodiments, such as that shown in FIG. 18, the solar energy collector 602 can cover the entire light coupling surface 724.

The solar concentrator device 2500 shown in FIG. 19A has an array of lens-reflector element pairs. In this embodiment, the redirecting layer 2508 includes a substrate sheet 2586 made of light transmissive material and the array of lenses 2516 extending from the first surface 2587 of the substrate sheet 2586. The lenses 2516 may be integrally formed with the substrate sheet 2586, may be 3D printed or overmolded onto the substrate sheet 2586, or may be otherwise optically bonded to the first surface 2587 (e.g., using an optical adhesive, by laser welding or any other means known in the art). The lenses may, for example, be spherical caps or quarter-spherical caps (not shown).

Similar to the light guide 2204 of FIG. 13, the light guide 2504 can comprise a substantially flat sheet of light transmissive material. A light conditioning element 2510 may also be provided to receive light from all directions within the light guide 2504 and thereby receive more of the light from the reflector elements 2506 at any given distance from the solar energy collector 102. In the illustrated embodiment, the solar energy collector 102 is the terminus of an optical fibre. The light conditioning element 2510 may be integrally formed with the light guide 2504, may be 3D printed or overmolded onto the light guide 2504, or may be otherwise optically bonded to the second surface 2514 of the light guide 2504 (e.g., using an optical adhesive, by laser welding or any other means known in the art). Alternatively, a cavity may be provided in the light guide 2504 and the light conditioning element 2510 may be inserted into the cavity.

The array of reflector elements 2506 may be integrally formed with the light guide 2504, may be 3D printed or overmolded onto the light guide 2504, or may be otherwise optically bonded to the second surface 2514 of the light guide 2504 (e.g., using an optical adhesive, by laser welding or any other means known in the art). The reflector elements 2506 can be nubs and can each have a reflective surface 2503 having a first portion 2505 that is, for example, a concave reflector 2505 a (as shown in FIG. 19B) or convex reflector (as shown in FIG. 19C). The reflector elements 2506 may be non-uniform in shape, size and/or orientation so that each reflector element 2506 reflects approximately the same amount of light from its corresponding lens 2516.

The solar concentrator device 2500 may include an optical coupling layer 2589 between the second surface 2588 of the substrate sheet 2586 and the first surface 2512 of the light guide 2504 similar to the optical coupling layer 946 of the solar concentrator device 900 of FIG. 6. The optical coupling layer 2589 has an index of refraction that is lower than that of the light guide 2504 such that light 131 is reflected at the first surface 2512 of the light guide 2504 by TIR.

Modifications and improvements to the above-described embodiments of the present invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art. The foregoing description is intended to be exemplary rather than limiting. The scope of the present invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An optic for use with a solar energy collector in a solar concentrator, the optic comprising: a light guide of light transmissive material, the light guide comprising a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; a light coupling area for emitting light from the light guide; and a peripheral edge; a redirecting layer comprising a plurality of lenses, the redirecting layer being optically attached to the first surface of the light guide; a plurality of reflector elements made of light transmissive material of lower refractive index than the material of the light guide, the reflector elements optically connected to a portion of the second surface of the light guide having a downward slope equal to or less than the average downward slope of the second surface between the peripheral edge and the light coupling area, each reflector element being associated with a lens of the redirecting layer and having a reflective surface for receiving light focused thereon by the associated lens, the reflective surface reflecting the received light into the light guide for transmission therein toward the solar energy collector; wherein the light being transmitted within the light guide can undergo total internal reflection at the interface between the second surface of the light guide and the optically connected surface of the reflector element; and a light conditioning element for receiving light from the light coupling area of the light guide and collecting the received light onto the solar energy collector.
 2. The optic of claim 1 where the light guide is made from a material selected from the group of glass, polycarbonate, injection molded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), injection molded polymethyl methacrylimide (PMMI), cyclo olefin polymers (COP), cyclo olefin copolymers (COC), and silicone.
 3. The optic of claim 1 where the first surface is a planar surface.
 4. The optic of claim 1 where the plurality of lenses of the redirecting layer is plano-convex lenses that are adjacent to one another.
 5. The optic of claim 1 where the redirecting layer is integrated or over molded with the first surface of the light guide.
 6. The optic of claim 1 where the reflector elements further comprise an inter-step portion to transmit reflected light to the light guide and wherein the reflector elements comprise flat, parabolic analytical or free-form reflective surfaces to reflect light towards the inter-step portions.
 7. The optic of claim 6 wherein the reflector elements further comprise a first section to reflect light from the associated lens of the redirecting layer and a second section, to reflect light to the interstep portion from the first portion.
 8. The optic of claim 6 further comprising a low refractive index film between a reflector element and the light guide whereby light exiting the reflector element via the inter-step portion of the reflector element undergoes total internal reflection at the interface of the low refractive index film and the reflector element.
 9. The optic of claim 1 wherein light is totally internally reflected by the first surface of the light guide and a step portion of the second surface of the light guide.
 10. The optic of claim 1 wherein the first surface of the light guide is sloped relative to the light emitting surface of the redirecting layer and the redirecting layer is wedged-shape in cross-section so that the combined thickness of the redirecting layer and light guide is substantially constant.
 11. The optic of claim 1 further comprising an optical coupling layer between the redirecting layer and the light guide, wherein the optical coupling layer is made from a heat-deformable, optically transmissive material and the redirecting layer and the light guide are fused together into a monolithic optic.
 12. The optic of claim 1 wherein the second surface of the light guide comprises a plurality of protrusions extending from a substantially flat portion whereby light from the reflector element passes into the light guide through an optical aperture formed by the protrusion and the reflector element.
 13. The optic of claim 1 wherein the redirecting layer comprises a plurality of concavo-convex lenses; and the second surface of the light guide is stepped.
 14. The optic of claim 13 wherein the reflector elements comprise a plurality of primary reflector elements interspersed between a plurality of secondary reflector elements, the secondary reflector elements totally internally reflect light into the light guide and the primary reflector elements reflect substantially collimated light from the concave portions of the associated lenses to light guide.
 15. A solar concentrator device comprising: an optic of claim 1; a solar energy collector coupled to the light coupling area of the optic.
 16. The solar concentrator device of claim 15 wherein the optic has a rotational symmetry about a central axis passing through the solar energy collector.
 17. The solar concentrator device of claim 15 wherein the optic device is planar cuboid has a linear solar energy collector and a plane of symmetry about the solar energy collector. 